The prophylaxis with antimicrobials in surgery resides in administering an antibiotic before initiating the operation and it is demonstrated that it is effective to diminish the risk of infection. However, it is important to take into account some very important aspects to ensure that the indication of antimicrobials is appropriate for each patient.

In this article a journey through history is made to find the scientific basis that supports the efficacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery and the most recognized guidelines in the literature for its use.

Key words: Antibiotic prophylaxis. Surgical wound infection.